Critical theory of world risk society: A cosmopolitan vision. World at risk: The new task of critical theory. Retrieved from /books?id=W2sDTHaSiiYC&pg=PA19&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false google scholar Risk society: Towards a new modernity (M. Retrieved from Center for Security Studies website: /content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/Factsheet-Social-Vulnerability.pdf google scholar Social vulnerability from a social ecology perspective: A cohort study of older adults from the National Population Health Survey of Canada. Retrieved from World Bank website: en/636921468765021121/pdf/multi0page.pdf google scholar Vulnerability: A view from different disciplines (SP Discussion Paper No. Retrieved from Philippine Institute for Development Studies website: google scholar Profile and determinants of the middle-income class in the Philippines (Discussion Paper Series No. First six months of 2020: Disasters, deaths and disease in PH. However, the extent to which such measures can help build their resilience amid the pandemic remains unclear. It is worth noting that various local and international actors have carried out crisis response efforts to respond to vulnerable populations’ needs. The problems encountered by these individuals are further aggravated by the occurrence of natural disasters, armed conflicts, and animal disease outbreaks alongside the pandemic crisis. In each system, it is apparent that vulnerable individuals have to deal with different stressors that are likely to threaten their health, safety, and well-being. In doing so, it examines how the risks they encounter are anchored in a dynamic social context that considers their immediate environment, social interactions, culture, macro-level societal influences, and significant life transitions. It explores how the factors affecting the vulnerability of the identified social groups are situated within the five levels, namely microsystem, exosystem, mesosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem. By adapting the socioecological framework, this work describes the pandemic’s impact on vulnerable populations in the country. In the Philippines, children, women, the elderly, persons with disabilities, and low-income families have faced stressors associated with vulnerabilities and are further triggered by the crisis amid the implementation of stringent quarantine measures. The COVID-19 pandemic crisis has created compounding challenges, disproportionately affecting the disadvantaged sectors of the society and heightening their risk of social vulnerability.
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